The Malaria Thread

[+Po1ntDeXt3r+]

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Prehistory: Movement of hominids carrying plasmodial baggage from
Africa and Asia through Europe and possibly to the Americas

1500s: Proposed introduction of P falciparum to the New World
1600s: Use of the ’’Peruvian bark’’ by Jesuits for the treatment of malaria
1820: Pelletier and Caventou extract pure quinine alkaloids
1880: Laveran identifies the causative agent for human malaria while
working in Algeria
1885: P vivax and P malariae are identified by Golgi
1889: Sakharov (1889) and Marchiafava and Celli (1890) identify
P falciparum
1897: Ross demonstrates the transmission of avian malaria by Culex
fatigans
1898: Grassi, Bignami, and Bastianelli show that human malaria is
transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito
1914: World War 1 highlighted the need for access to cinchona
plantations for quinine
1934: Synthesis of chloroquine (Resochin) in Germany by IG Farben
1939: Paul Muller discovers the insecticidal properties of
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
1940s: World War II, major programs to develop synthetic antimalarials
1944: Proguanil is synthesized by Curd, Davey, and Rose in England
1950s: Emergence of drug-resistant chloroquine
1950: Elderfield synthesized primaquine
1960: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
1960s: Re-use of sulphones and sulphonamides as antimalarials
1980s: Use of insecticide-impregnated bed nets
1980s: Identification by the WRAIR of a compound called WR 238605
with the generic name tafenoquine (not yet commercially
available)
1985: Lariam (mefloquine) becomes available for European travelers for
malaria chemoprophylaxis
1980s: Rediscovery of artemisinin derivatives in China and development
of trioxane derivatives
1989: (Halfan) Halofantrine
1980s: Concept of standby emergency treatment
1991: Identification of the histidine-rich protein 2 by Parra et al led to the
development of malaria rapid tests
1998: Malarone (atovaquone-proguanil) approved for malaria
prophylaxis and treatment
2003: Guidelines on malaria chemoprophylaxis for travelers. World
Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
Health Canada, and so forth

(source: Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2004 Jun;18(2):189-205)
i got this from a random site.. to access usually u need a paid/free reg subscription i think..
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/q...375&query_hl=1

[DraconisV]

Originally Posted by chingly_choo

I fear that even this will not help me pass my exam

What do you call a pass exaclty? 50% or greater.

For me its 90% and i failed, i got 85% in my half-yearly. guys heres some advise study up heaps on the student outcomes they are all the high-level mark questions in the HSC Examination. Hope this helps in some way or another.

[Cade]

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites transmitted by FEMALE anopheline mosquito . The protozoan parasite is of genus Plasmodium sp. There's 4 of them:-
1. Plasmodium falciparum (most widespread & dangerous)
2.Plasmodium vivax
3.Plasmodium ovale
4.Plasmodium malariae
They develop in the gut of the female anopheline mosquito and is passed on in the saliva of an infected insect to human when it takes a bit. Then they are carried to the liver where they multiply and is finally released into the the blood vessel. I cut short the notes cuz I'm not sure if all learn bout the lifecycle of malaria. And yeah chloroquine can be used to combat malaria but unfortunately, Plasmodium falciparum is resistant to chloroquine. Hope this helps.

[Mind-of-mysterY]

Malaria affects between 200 and 400 million people a year in a broad band of tropical counties. It kills up to 10% of its victims and debilitates the rest so they become less resistance to other diseases. Australia has been successful at eradicating malaria but quarantine must be vigilant as people enter or re-enter the country.

The Cause:
The unicellular parasite called plasmodium.

Transmission:
It is carried by a vector. The female anopheles mosquito, transfers it from human to human. Plasmodium reproduces sexually and forms sporozoites ready to enter a human.

Host Response:
When sporozoites enter the blood our immune system will recognise it as foreign and B-cells (type of white blood cell) will attack it. The body temperature will rise to try to slow down the metabolic processes in the invader. As the pathogen enters the liver cells, other blood cells, T-cells, take over the role. When merozoites breakout of the red blood cells that they invaded, the release toxins. The toxins are dealt with by both the B-cells and are also filtered out by the liver and kidneys.

Major Symptoms:
Feeling lathargic, fever, chills and headaches

Treatment:
A family of drugs called chloroquinine usually successful if taken early enough. Some trains of plasmodium have become resistant to some of the drugs.

Prevention:
Anything that will stop mosquites bitting. Long sleeved clothing, mosquito nets, insecticides, also antimalarial drugs such as paludrine through some are becoming resistant to it.

Control:
Government or charity organised programs including widespread pesticide spraying, education and funding to promote the use of mosquito nets impreganated with insecticides. Use of covered drains, draining ponds and other breeding grounds, funding for development of new drugs, genetic engeneering of mosquitos. In island nations that are free of Malaria, such as Australia, stricked quarantine to isolate any infected people and to spray imports for mosquitos.

Please do not copy word for word, but i do hope that this is helpful.

[Czrbonium]

http://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2007/07...d-malaria.html

Someone posted something about the quinine mechanism. Thats how it actually destroys P. falciparum.

[sockalad16]

for our marking criteria it says we also need 2 research an australian vaccine for malaria in papua new guinea????

[possessionless]

does the body fight malaria using cell mediated immunity or antibody mediated immunity? or can diseases use both?? i have found both answers...im confused :S