asadhkhan17
Member
- Joined
- Jan 2, 2014
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- HSC
- 2015
These are two assignment questions I got for Core 1
Help yourselves, use it for notes. But the main reason I posted this was to find out if I'm missing something, or if any information is wrong. So if that's the case then I'd really appreciate it if you tell me the flaws from my response.
Go on this site to look at the videos you need to see for question 1 and 3(don't worry, for the forum I skipped question 2)
http://members.ozemail.com.au/~jperry/PDHPE/assessmenttask1.html
Question 1:View the videos of the darts player and the rugby teams (during the first minute of the video). Take particular note of the behaviours which reflect their state of arousal. Analyse the differing levels of arousal presented and the implications for performance.
Question 1 Response:
The effect of physiological arousal on athletic performance has great relevance for both theoretical and applied purposes. Consistent high-level performance can be obtained when an athlete discovers the optimal physiological conditions leading to best execution and learns to control them. The optimal levels of arousal are different for each and every sport, and this is based on the movements and actions that must be executed in that specific sport, which in this case is darts and rugby.
Rugby is a sport which requires the players to perform moves of all kinds such as tackling, passing, catching, dodging and running. In order to execute these moves, the athlete will require a lot of focus, good reaction timing, good balance, co-ordination and etc. Generally in sports, the more muscle groups required in that sport, the higher the level of arousal will be. As observed in the video, the behaviour of the athletes reflected their arousal levels. The Haka for example, was performed to increase arousal levels and to motivate them. Instead of calm and slow breathing, which would relax them, the players instead shouted, and took short and quick breaths. Although arousal levels are different for everyone, if the arousal levels are too high, or too low, it will have devastating effects on the performance of the athlete.
In darts, the athlete is required to throw a dart at a specific point. In order for this to occur, the athlete requires good accuracy, and must be immensely steady. As seen in the dart video, both athletes were quiet and focused. Neither was jumping up and trying to pump themselves up, like a rugby player would, but they were seen breathing calm and deep.
As said previously, the optimal arousal level varies depending on the actions that must be done in that sport. First things to be affected by increasing above the optimum level is the control of your little muscles, your intuition to make good decisions and commit to them, and your control of the speed and accuracy of the throw. Higher levels of arousal can cause muscles to get tight, heart rate will be high, blood pressure rises, breathing will be shallow and quicker or you may hold your breath, focus is fractured and awareness jumps, time may seem to slow down and movements will be quick and clumsy.
High arousal levels heighten blood flow and muscular tension. Heightened blood flow and muscular tension is necessary for performance during sports and athletic activities. But excessive muscular tension if arousal levels are too high hinders athletic performance because muscle tissue is too stiff to respond appropriately. Stiff muscles may exhibit delayed reactions, early reactions, too much force or too little force. Athletes with muscular tension that is too low, exhibit delayed reactions and too little force. For rugby players for example, this may cause player to be unable to catch the ball or may be unable to dodge opposing athletes. However if a dart player has high arousal levels, he/she may use too little force which may cause the dart to fall short In terms of distance, or too much force may hinder the aim.
High arousal also enhances focus and concentration by stimulating adrenaline and other stimulating hormone secretion in the brain. Concentration and focus is necessary for performance during sports and athletic activities to establish competitive advantage against opponents, perform efficiently or evaluate situations thoroughly. However if the arousal levels are too high, this will worsen the athletes focus which will cause the athletic performance to be hindered, because it can lead to hypersensitivity to irrelevant stimuli or blind athletes to relevant information.
If the muscles become tighter from high arousal levels, movements involving precision, such as throwing a dart, may worsen the technique used by the athlete to throw the dart. High heart rate and blood pressure can affect the dart throwers focus, which will hinder his decision to throw it with a certain technique for example. Quick and shallow breathing can cause the athletes body to become unsteady. An unsteady body will cause the athletes arms and hands to shake, which will then affect his aim.
People with arousal levels lower than the optimal arousal level, exhibit less tension than people with heightened arousal levels. This results in the athletes being too soft during a tackle in rugby for example. They also exhibit slower decision-making than people with heightened arousal levels. In the case of rugby, where decision making skills are vital, if an athlete has slow or poor decision making skills, he may, for example, execute the wrong move such as passing the ball the wrong way.
People with low arousal levels may exhibit low concentration and focus that is similar to someone that has just woken from sleep. Low concentration and focus hurts athletic performance, because these athletes do not have the capacity to perceive and respond to relevant sensory information. Low arousal can cause excessively low rhythm and coordination. This will hinder athletic performance, because these athletes do not have the capacity to perform precise muscular movements such as dodging in rugby or throwing in darts. Lower arousal levels also have been observed to reduce the athlete’s motivation in the sport.
In sports such as rugby, it is imperative to remain motivated. If this does not occur, the player will begin to perform very sloppy moves, and will therefore not be able to perform to the best of his ability. This is just one negative impact on performance if the athlete is experiencing relatively lower levels of arousal.
A lower level of arousal will make the dart player sloppy. This sloppiness will cause moves that may be too slow, and can also negatively impact on accuracy. And if it is too low, a lack of motivation may hinder the athletes focus. And this will also negatively impact on the athlete’s decision in throwing the dart, for example, it may confuse the athlete to throw at a specific angle, or with a particular technique.
Question 3:With reference to the video below on Carbohydrate Loading and Sports Nutrition, discuss the main issues presented.
Question 3 Respone:
Carbohydrate loading is a process that seeks to maximise the amount of glycogen stored in the muscles and liver. This is used in the week before an event to build up and maximise glycogen stores in the body for the main event.
Just as the video stated, one main problem of carbohydrate loading is that it isn’t suitable for all sports. It won’t make a person faster or stronger, but it will simply improve their endurance levels. In this case, it is only suitable for sports which require the athlete to perform over 90 minutes, such as triathlon, marathons, or distance swimming.
Carbohydrate loading is generally not practical to achieve in team sports where games are played every 3-4 days. Although it might be argued that players in football and AFL for example, have heavy demands on their muscle fuel stores, it may not be possible to achieve a full carbohydrate loading protocol within the weekly schedule of training and games.
Carbohydrate loading is safe for most endurance athletes. However, like any health decision, it’s important to understand that this technique does come with some risks.
The stress of carb depletion includes eating no carbs whatsoever and running on empty – essentially without fuel in a semi-fasted state. Common problems include an increased risk of injury and sickness during this period.
Glycogen storage is associated with a concomitant storage of water. It is estimated that every gram of glycogen stored is associated with about 2.7g of water. Therefore, a well-conditioned athlete with total glycogen stores approaching 800g will find their body weight about 2kg heavier at the start of the race.
This increased body weight will have implications on running economy and performance at least near the beginning of the event when energy reserves will be high. As the muscles and other organs progressively oxidize the glycogen stores during exercise, the stored water is again released into the body. This may in turn complicate the fluid requirements of the athlete, requiring them to consume less than a non-carbohydrate loaded competitor. This can possibly result in the athlete suffering from mildly to serious symptoms, like dehydration for example.
Another drawback to carbohydrate loading if performed incorrectly is gastric/intestinal upset. Very large amounts of ingested carbohydrate can affect the osmolarity of the intestine. In other words, carbohydrates, especially simple/processed sugars in the intestine draw water into the gut by osmosis affecting the water balance and may cause intestinal upset and diarrhoea. This can affect performance. For example, the discomfort in the stomach may cause the athlete to run slower and may hinder the effect of any techniques that may be employed during the performance.
However carb loading has numerous benefits to sporting performance and wellbeing. There is evidence that higher than normal pre-exercise muscle glycogen contents increase the time to exhaustion and performance in time trials lasting over 90 minutes.
Carbohydrate loading enables muscle glycogen levels to be increased. This extra supply of carbohydrate has been demonstrated to improve endurance exercise by allowing athletes to exercise at their optimal pace for a longer time. It is estimated that carbohydrate loading can improve performance over a set distance by 2-3%. Yet, it has proven to increase the set distance by up to 13%.
The University of Naples Federico II conducted a study on the effect of carb loading on the performance of athletes. The results showed that the athletes with lower level of aerobic capacity had better performance time after carbohydrate loading. They ran further and had a higher glucose and lactate concentrations in the last 5 km. Thus, dietary carbohydrate loading can improve running performance and that confectionery can be used as an effective means of supplementing the normal carbohydrate intake in preparation for endurance competitions. However the improvement depends on some factors such as the distance and the level of aerobic capacity. It is dependent on these factors since carb loading is only effective for long distances over 90 minutes.
Researchers from Britain recently followed over 250 runners who ran the London Marathon. They found that those who carb-loaded, ran an average of 13% faster.
As mentioned in the video, a new carb-loading regimen developed by scientists at the University of Western Australia calls for a normal diet with light training until the day before the race. On the day before the race, the athlete performs a very short; extremely high-intensity workout then consumes 12 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of lean mass over the next 24 hours. This resulted in a 90% increase in glycogen storage when compared to before the carb-load, which is comparable or higher to the results achieved with other 2 day - 6 day carbo-loading regimes. Making carb loading quicker and more efficient.
However, carbohydrate loading is also used in competitions other than endurance sports. For example, competitors for bodybuilding competitions employ this method. Often, bodybuilding competitors prefer to have their muscles look hard and full. When carb loading is done correctly, it helps the bodybuilder’s muscles look hard and full. However, in some cases, if it is used incorrectly, it can backfire. For example, it can cause the muscles to appear somewhat saggy due to the large amounts of water retained from carb loading.
Help yourselves, use it for notes. But the main reason I posted this was to find out if I'm missing something, or if any information is wrong. So if that's the case then I'd really appreciate it if you tell me the flaws from my response.
Go on this site to look at the videos you need to see for question 1 and 3(don't worry, for the forum I skipped question 2)
http://members.ozemail.com.au/~jperry/PDHPE/assessmenttask1.html
Question 1:View the videos of the darts player and the rugby teams (during the first minute of the video). Take particular note of the behaviours which reflect their state of arousal. Analyse the differing levels of arousal presented and the implications for performance.
Question 1 Response:
The effect of physiological arousal on athletic performance has great relevance for both theoretical and applied purposes. Consistent high-level performance can be obtained when an athlete discovers the optimal physiological conditions leading to best execution and learns to control them. The optimal levels of arousal are different for each and every sport, and this is based on the movements and actions that must be executed in that specific sport, which in this case is darts and rugby.
Rugby is a sport which requires the players to perform moves of all kinds such as tackling, passing, catching, dodging and running. In order to execute these moves, the athlete will require a lot of focus, good reaction timing, good balance, co-ordination and etc. Generally in sports, the more muscle groups required in that sport, the higher the level of arousal will be. As observed in the video, the behaviour of the athletes reflected their arousal levels. The Haka for example, was performed to increase arousal levels and to motivate them. Instead of calm and slow breathing, which would relax them, the players instead shouted, and took short and quick breaths. Although arousal levels are different for everyone, if the arousal levels are too high, or too low, it will have devastating effects on the performance of the athlete.
In darts, the athlete is required to throw a dart at a specific point. In order for this to occur, the athlete requires good accuracy, and must be immensely steady. As seen in the dart video, both athletes were quiet and focused. Neither was jumping up and trying to pump themselves up, like a rugby player would, but they were seen breathing calm and deep.
As said previously, the optimal arousal level varies depending on the actions that must be done in that sport. First things to be affected by increasing above the optimum level is the control of your little muscles, your intuition to make good decisions and commit to them, and your control of the speed and accuracy of the throw. Higher levels of arousal can cause muscles to get tight, heart rate will be high, blood pressure rises, breathing will be shallow and quicker or you may hold your breath, focus is fractured and awareness jumps, time may seem to slow down and movements will be quick and clumsy.
High arousal levels heighten blood flow and muscular tension. Heightened blood flow and muscular tension is necessary for performance during sports and athletic activities. But excessive muscular tension if arousal levels are too high hinders athletic performance because muscle tissue is too stiff to respond appropriately. Stiff muscles may exhibit delayed reactions, early reactions, too much force or too little force. Athletes with muscular tension that is too low, exhibit delayed reactions and too little force. For rugby players for example, this may cause player to be unable to catch the ball or may be unable to dodge opposing athletes. However if a dart player has high arousal levels, he/she may use too little force which may cause the dart to fall short In terms of distance, or too much force may hinder the aim.
High arousal also enhances focus and concentration by stimulating adrenaline and other stimulating hormone secretion in the brain. Concentration and focus is necessary for performance during sports and athletic activities to establish competitive advantage against opponents, perform efficiently or evaluate situations thoroughly. However if the arousal levels are too high, this will worsen the athletes focus which will cause the athletic performance to be hindered, because it can lead to hypersensitivity to irrelevant stimuli or blind athletes to relevant information.
If the muscles become tighter from high arousal levels, movements involving precision, such as throwing a dart, may worsen the technique used by the athlete to throw the dart. High heart rate and blood pressure can affect the dart throwers focus, which will hinder his decision to throw it with a certain technique for example. Quick and shallow breathing can cause the athletes body to become unsteady. An unsteady body will cause the athletes arms and hands to shake, which will then affect his aim.
People with arousal levels lower than the optimal arousal level, exhibit less tension than people with heightened arousal levels. This results in the athletes being too soft during a tackle in rugby for example. They also exhibit slower decision-making than people with heightened arousal levels. In the case of rugby, where decision making skills are vital, if an athlete has slow or poor decision making skills, he may, for example, execute the wrong move such as passing the ball the wrong way.
People with low arousal levels may exhibit low concentration and focus that is similar to someone that has just woken from sleep. Low concentration and focus hurts athletic performance, because these athletes do not have the capacity to perceive and respond to relevant sensory information. Low arousal can cause excessively low rhythm and coordination. This will hinder athletic performance, because these athletes do not have the capacity to perform precise muscular movements such as dodging in rugby or throwing in darts. Lower arousal levels also have been observed to reduce the athlete’s motivation in the sport.
In sports such as rugby, it is imperative to remain motivated. If this does not occur, the player will begin to perform very sloppy moves, and will therefore not be able to perform to the best of his ability. This is just one negative impact on performance if the athlete is experiencing relatively lower levels of arousal.
A lower level of arousal will make the dart player sloppy. This sloppiness will cause moves that may be too slow, and can also negatively impact on accuracy. And if it is too low, a lack of motivation may hinder the athletes focus. And this will also negatively impact on the athlete’s decision in throwing the dart, for example, it may confuse the athlete to throw at a specific angle, or with a particular technique.
Question 3:With reference to the video below on Carbohydrate Loading and Sports Nutrition, discuss the main issues presented.
Question 3 Respone:
Carbohydrate loading is a process that seeks to maximise the amount of glycogen stored in the muscles and liver. This is used in the week before an event to build up and maximise glycogen stores in the body for the main event.
Just as the video stated, one main problem of carbohydrate loading is that it isn’t suitable for all sports. It won’t make a person faster or stronger, but it will simply improve their endurance levels. In this case, it is only suitable for sports which require the athlete to perform over 90 minutes, such as triathlon, marathons, or distance swimming.
Carbohydrate loading is generally not practical to achieve in team sports where games are played every 3-4 days. Although it might be argued that players in football and AFL for example, have heavy demands on their muscle fuel stores, it may not be possible to achieve a full carbohydrate loading protocol within the weekly schedule of training and games.
Carbohydrate loading is safe for most endurance athletes. However, like any health decision, it’s important to understand that this technique does come with some risks.
The stress of carb depletion includes eating no carbs whatsoever and running on empty – essentially without fuel in a semi-fasted state. Common problems include an increased risk of injury and sickness during this period.
Glycogen storage is associated with a concomitant storage of water. It is estimated that every gram of glycogen stored is associated with about 2.7g of water. Therefore, a well-conditioned athlete with total glycogen stores approaching 800g will find their body weight about 2kg heavier at the start of the race.
This increased body weight will have implications on running economy and performance at least near the beginning of the event when energy reserves will be high. As the muscles and other organs progressively oxidize the glycogen stores during exercise, the stored water is again released into the body. This may in turn complicate the fluid requirements of the athlete, requiring them to consume less than a non-carbohydrate loaded competitor. This can possibly result in the athlete suffering from mildly to serious symptoms, like dehydration for example.
Another drawback to carbohydrate loading if performed incorrectly is gastric/intestinal upset. Very large amounts of ingested carbohydrate can affect the osmolarity of the intestine. In other words, carbohydrates, especially simple/processed sugars in the intestine draw water into the gut by osmosis affecting the water balance and may cause intestinal upset and diarrhoea. This can affect performance. For example, the discomfort in the stomach may cause the athlete to run slower and may hinder the effect of any techniques that may be employed during the performance.
However carb loading has numerous benefits to sporting performance and wellbeing. There is evidence that higher than normal pre-exercise muscle glycogen contents increase the time to exhaustion and performance in time trials lasting over 90 minutes.
Carbohydrate loading enables muscle glycogen levels to be increased. This extra supply of carbohydrate has been demonstrated to improve endurance exercise by allowing athletes to exercise at their optimal pace for a longer time. It is estimated that carbohydrate loading can improve performance over a set distance by 2-3%. Yet, it has proven to increase the set distance by up to 13%.
The University of Naples Federico II conducted a study on the effect of carb loading on the performance of athletes. The results showed that the athletes with lower level of aerobic capacity had better performance time after carbohydrate loading. They ran further and had a higher glucose and lactate concentrations in the last 5 km. Thus, dietary carbohydrate loading can improve running performance and that confectionery can be used as an effective means of supplementing the normal carbohydrate intake in preparation for endurance competitions. However the improvement depends on some factors such as the distance and the level of aerobic capacity. It is dependent on these factors since carb loading is only effective for long distances over 90 minutes.
Researchers from Britain recently followed over 250 runners who ran the London Marathon. They found that those who carb-loaded, ran an average of 13% faster.
As mentioned in the video, a new carb-loading regimen developed by scientists at the University of Western Australia calls for a normal diet with light training until the day before the race. On the day before the race, the athlete performs a very short; extremely high-intensity workout then consumes 12 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of lean mass over the next 24 hours. This resulted in a 90% increase in glycogen storage when compared to before the carb-load, which is comparable or higher to the results achieved with other 2 day - 6 day carbo-loading regimes. Making carb loading quicker and more efficient.
However, carbohydrate loading is also used in competitions other than endurance sports. For example, competitors for bodybuilding competitions employ this method. Often, bodybuilding competitors prefer to have their muscles look hard and full. When carb loading is done correctly, it helps the bodybuilder’s muscles look hard and full. However, in some cases, if it is used incorrectly, it can backfire. For example, it can cause the muscles to appear somewhat saggy due to the large amounts of water retained from carb loading.