List of English Techniques

[kimmeh]

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I have found a list of english techniques that people might like to refer to when analysing texts. There are 20 pages of them, but you dont need to remember them all off by heart, but if you want to get into the top band, i reccomend you use the ones that people seldom hear of
cheers,
kimmeh

List of film techniques! Thanks heaps to Gummy Bear

Originally Posted by Gummy_bear

So many people are asking for film techniques, yet they forget about google!

i searched 'film techniques' and came up with this wonderful website, wikipedia.

here is the link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_technique

you can click on each different technique and it will explain each one.

Please refer to this before you ask for techniques. Only post if you need more info than is provided on this website.

Allternitively, you can ask your teacher for a list, they have to have one coz they teach them!

Hope this helps.

[Blue View]

Hey ppl,

The list which was provided by kimmeh is very useful and can provide great assistance when analysing a text but it does not include all of the techniques that you could use to sophisiticate your writing! I can't really say much because I can't write for shit but I did find the following links really useful:

http://www.americanrhetoric.com/rhet...esinsound.html
http://www.virtualsalt.com/rhetoric.htm
http://www.nipissingu.ca/faculty/williams/figofspe.htm

Many of the techniques included on these sites overlap but each site provides some different and unconventional techniques! I bet some of them the teachers haven't even heard of! (better be careful though because if they haven't heard of them and they can't be bothered looking them up then they may mark you down for being smarter than them, but if your teacher is anything like mine than they will believe anything you write on the page!!)

Just one last thing - I found the last link to be the most help as it includes so many techniques! For example, hyperbaton and hypallage!!

Anyway, I hope these links help and best of luck to all the 06ers!

Hey guys i have just been testing out the links that I included in my previous post and I have discovered that the first link doesn't work so this is my advice:

Go to Google.com and type the following into the search bar:
american rhetoric+rhetorical devices in sound

I know that it says 'american' but hey the techniques are the same in every western country!! - I think!! and I hope!

[ur_inner_child]

I've posted this before in http://community.boredofstudies.org/...l-journey.html

But here we go again, particularly for visual techniques:

-sustained motif - these are usually used to unify the text. Do they symbolise anything? Eg In The Skin Of A Lion by Michael Ondaatje - light and darkness is a sustained motif, symbolising or creating the meaning of marginalisation, the nature of history (but that can be debated)

-sustained metaphor - a comparison to something that lasts for an extended period of time. eg Atwood's Journey into the Interior - a sustained metaphor of the difficult landscape to describe the obstacles in her imaginative/inner journey.

-intertextuality (suggesting relation to another film to the audience so that you can create meaning eg: Moulin Rouge: Satine and Christian are on top of the elephant showing intertextuality to the scene in Titanic (at the front of the boat)to suggest the love is true and perfect, but will end in tragedy.

-camera shots and angles: high angle shots, low angle shots = depicting the powerful, close up = intimacy possibly? think of the meaning they're trying to portray. This can be different depending on the way in which you view your text.

-juxtaposition/sequence of events - what scenes are directly placed next to each other to create meaning? eg Rabbit Proof Fence. A shot of the children holding onto the fence, then quickly a shot to the family holding onto the fence. Shows the meaning of a connection?

-Tone - the characters/the author. Are they biased? Are they patronising? This creates meaning

Language Register - Is the language formal(of literary)/informal (colloquial or conversational)/ or Slang? What does this do to the audience. Eg: The author Paul Jennings uses colloquial language to engage his young audience and makes his text relatable...

Didactic - Does it teach something? A moral? ie: The didactic element in the text that "avarice is the root of all evil" is depicted by Hank's close-up shot of his face, showing his sadness after his journey.

Pun - play on words eg: the title of the text is called "Tyred". This depicts that at the end of the journey, she's actually "tired" but adds a humorous aspect by using the word "tyre" in relation to her road trip. This shows a comical, yet tedious journey...

Rhyme - many things it can do to create meaning - create tension, speed/slow down time, create an atmosphere. etc

Alliteration - the occurence in close proximity of two or more words having the same sounds (constanants) - Fishing Furiously with a Furry Grin. This creates (from the example) for the audience the extent of the character's behaviour while fishing.

Assonance - like alliteration, but with vowel sounds. eg: And all is seared with trade - bleared, smeared with toil.

Cliche - overused, outworn phrase or short sentence eg: pretty as a picture, clean as a whistle.

Camera transition - the effects use to change scene - eg: Fades through black - this can depict time passing, or death, or emotive qualities.

Jargon - specialised words for a specific profession or groups. Eg: Musical jargon: "through-composed", or Internet Jargon: "lol". Jargon will give you smoe indictation to the author's purpose, and the target audience.

Lighting (for film/visuals) - Usually creates mood through shadows, contrasts and colours. What does the lighting create a sense of? Eg: Green - scary, gruesome, mysterious.

Paradox - A delibrate statement of what seems to be absurd or contradictory yet it's actually reasonable in the context.

[weirdnwonderful]

Hey, thanks to all who generously posted such marvelous links! I donno if this is helpful or not, but if you ever need to FIND quotations to go with the techniques are are getting frustrated with flipping through your text frantically...- you can open an ebook and use Ctrl F to find the phrase.

Alot of the texts we study are on ebooks on sites like
http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page

[me121]

Glossary of Literary Concepts in English

ALLITERATION
is the repetition of consonant sounds in a series of words. If the consonants are the same but the sounds are different they do not alliterate.
eg. "...the grease that kisses the onions with a hiss."
from WILLIAM STREET by Kenneth Slessor

ALLUSION
is the reference to well-known figures and/or other texts
eg. "And thrice I heard the Cock crow thinking I knew it's meaning well."
from COCK CROW by Rosemary Dobson The reference here is to the denial of Jesus after his arrest by one of his disciples.

APPROPRIATED TEXT
A text which has been taken from one context and translated The process of translation allows new insights into the original text and emphasises contextual differences between the two.

ASSONANCE
is the repetition of vowel sounds. The vowels themselves may be different but the sound has to be the same.
eg. "If I should die, think this only of me"
from THE SOLDIER by Rupert Brooke

CLICHÉ
is a time-worn phrase used to explain thought or feeling. They are usually images that have lost their power to surprise because of over-use.
eg. like a bat out of hell or as old as the hills or he's a cold fish.

CONNOTATION
is an idea or feeling associated with a word. Some words have richer associations than others eg 'house' may be the building in which you live but 'home' refers to the same object and has associations of warmth, family, security.

CONTEXT
The range of personal, social, historical, cultural and workplace conditions in which a text is responded to and composed.

CONVENTIONS
Accepted practices or features which help define forms of texts and meaning (see genre). We recognise a genre (type of text) through its conventions eg. Conventions of a Western include such stock characters as hero (white hat), villain (black hat), school marm, bar girl, themes such as tension between the settled life of the town and the freedom of the frontier which resolves as hero rides into the sunset with his best pal, his horse.

FIGURE OF SPEECH
(or figurative language) is another term used for imagery and generally refers to such devices as metaphor, simile and personification.

GENRE
A category or type of text that can be recognised by specific aspects of its subject matter, form and language eg. Teenflic - usually set in a high school with stock characters such as the cool kids, sport jocks, nerds. There is often a romantic interest but the central problem is usually social or ethical and problems tend to be resolved in the end with some degree of justice.

ELLIPSIS
refers to the omitting words from a sentence/paragraph. It is common in transcripts of conversations and is sometimes indicated by ...

EUPHEMISM
is an acceptable or mild expression which replaces an unpleasant or hurtful one. For example, some people find it too distressing to speak of death and so soften the effect by such terms as: he has passed on; she has gone to a better place etc.

IMAGE
is a term that is has a range of meanings that are used in the study of English. It can refer to
• a real or ideal resemblance eg. He moulds himself in the image of his father
• a projection of light or arrangement of pixels on a screen
• a public impression eg. a politician's image

IMAGERY
refers to the mental representations of pictures, sounds, smells textures and tastes that are created through powerful or interesting use of language. Imagery can often refer to figures of speech such as metaphor, simile and personification.

INTERTEXTUALITY
is the ways texts make reference to other texts. These references may be
• explicit such as an allusion
• implied by the many different ways a composer can draw our attention to other texts (such as parallel situations, sameness of genre, satire, parody etc.)
• inferred from your own reading. This refers to the way that you draw on your own experience of texts. These references need not have occurred to the composer and can in fact be drawn from texts composed at a later period. For example, our reading of the original Emma by Jane Austen is affected by the fact that we have seen the film Clueless.

JARGON
refers to the language or technical terms specific to a particular subject.

HYPERBOLE
a deliberate exaggeration for dramatic effect and not intended to be taken literally
eg. "...the endless cry of death and pain."
from GALLIPOLI by Mary Gilmore

LANGUAGE MODES
Listening, speaking, reading, writing, viewing and representing.
These modes are often integrated and interdependent activities used in responding to and composing texts. It is important to realise that:
• any combination of the modes may be involved in responding to or composing print, sound, visual or multimedia texts; and
• the refinement of the skills of any one of the modes develops skills in the others.

MEDIUM
The physical form in which the text exists or through which the text is conveyed.

METAPHOR
is a comparison where one thing is said to be another eg. The crimson rose of passion (Passion= crimson rose)

ONOMATOPOEIA
is the use of words whose sound echoes their sense
eg. "... the boom of shells"
from THE REAR- GUARD by Siegfried Sassoon

OXYMORON
is a contradiction in two words placed next to each other to heighten the contrast
eg. "Parting is such sweet sorrow."
from ROMEO AND JULIET by William Shakespeare
PERSPECTIVE
A way of looking at situations, facts and texts and evaluating their meaning or value.

PARADOX
is a contradiction which at first seems irreconcilable, but with deeper reflection proves to be a truth. A paradox that is frequent in literature is birth in death which refers to the nature of the life cycle.

PARODY
is a conscious imitation of another work usually for a satiric purpose
eg. "I love a sunburnt country a land of open drains..."

REPETITION
of words is used to add emphasis
eg. "Alone, alone, all, all alone
Alone on a wide, wide sea"
from THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

PERSONIFICATION
is the figure of speech which gives human qualities to non-human things
eg. "The Kind old Sun will know"
from FUTILITY by Wilfred Owen

SARCASM
is the use of sharp direct and intentionally cutting words. Literally means flesh tearing
eg. "He has so many faults and defects it will be hard to replace him in the job."

SATIRE
is composition which holds up to ridicule human vice or frailty in a scornful and amusing way

SIMILE
is the figure of speech which compares two things using 'like' or 'as'
eg. "The bomb burst like a flower."
from HIROSHIMA by Angela M. Clifton

TONE
is the writer's attitude to his or her subject matter or readers. You can often decide the tone by imagining the tone of voice a writer might be using if speaking the text.

Source: http://www.englishteacher.com.au/glossary.php

[bored of sc]

Feel free to post up too and make the list more comprehensive!

Starting it off -

metaphor
simile
personification
allusion
multi-sensory imagery
imagery
first person narration
second person narration
third person narration
tautology
punctuation
repetition
characterisation
music (and its various techniques) - pitch, tone colour, dynamics, expressive techniques, duration, structure, texture
tone
dialogue
monologue
symbolism
motif
rhetorical question
question
command
statement
exclaimation
focal point
background
foreground
camera shot sizes
camera angles
clothing
setting (??)
jargon
colloquiallism
slang
analogy
pastiche (where elements of various other texts and different mediums are integrated into one)
primary source
secondary source
interview
humour
voice over
animation
cartoon imaging
satire
video-imaging
irony
rhyming couplet
special effects
delayed entrance
adjectives
verbs
nouns
pronouns
capitalisation
soliloquy
photograph
size
layout
pace
rhythm
rhyme
antithesis
juxtaposition
hyperbole
direct speech
accumulative detail
syntax - structure and types of sentences
conjunctions
persuasive language
emotive lang.
didactic lang.
propaganda
antecdote
homophone
homonym
asotrophe
cliche
onomatopoeia
adverbs
prepositions
synonyms
polar opposites
tragic flaw
tradegy
comedy
history
paradox
oxymoron
iambic pentameter
iambic tetrameter
foreshadowing
figurative lang.
conflict
climax
blank verse
anthropomorphism
allegory
character
theme
context
composer
responder
exemplify
represent
implies
explicit
connotative
poem
exposition
discussion
visual texts
description
facial expressions
body language
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_literary_terms
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_poetry_terms

[Aerath]

These aren't mine, I got them from somewhere - can't remember. Those are all the ones I've ever heard of + others which I haven't heard of.

[dzdz]

ooo that helps as well DOMINO affect!

[eriito]

Thanks

[Andy09]

Other than engaging the responder more what other effects does first person narration generate?

[bored of sc]

Originally Posted by Andy09

Other than engaging the responder more what other effects does first person narration generate?

First person narration is more intimate and heart-felt. It makes it easier for the responder to empathise with and relate to the composer.

It personalises and humanises the text, making it more accessible and realistic.

[kaz1]

I heard of one called accumulation.

[colourprinter_1]

double entendre
- a word or phrase in a sentence that has a double meaning, the first, most noticeable being the obvious one and the second often being rude or risque
eg
"The Most Dangerous Game" - game can = game as in fun/play, or = game as in deer, sheep, the hunted animals etc.

this one is so good the computer puts a red line under it haha.

[LynFay]

Could someone plz put up the techniques in some kind of order??
I've got to listen to a tape (outdated, i know) in classand then do short answers on it. What techniques do you look for in something you can't read??

Besides tone and silence and stuff...

[aaron22]

Can someone tell me why "The Lion King" is such a crappy related text?

and because the related text this year is on belonging, is using bible stories applicable like joseph?