This is off the top of my head.. some of it might be wrong:
Heisenberg was the first person to develop a coherent mathematical model of quantum mechanics, known at the time as "matrix mechanics". This is the foundation of modern day quantum physics.
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle changed the way physicists conducted experiments, by focusing on observable properties as opposed to what is actually happening. (Since the uncertainty principle implies that you can never really accurately measure something)
Pauli's exclusion principle gave reason for the observed shell arrangements (2,8,8..), accounted for the exponentially large size of heavier elements and gave a theoretical basis for the periodic classification of elements.
The neutrino was the first "true" fundamental particle to be discovered. The development of the standard model of matter followed this.