I have a non-standard solution, I'll post it up in a sec.
EDIT: Solution, in detail/step by step.
Consider a circle of the above description, and extend AB to become the x-axis of the cartesian plane, with the center of the circle as the origin, O. (Therefore the circle is described by x<sup>2</sup>+y<sup>2</sup>=r<sup>2</sup>.)
Therefore, Q and R can be described using cartesian coordinates. Construct triangle OQR, and 2 lines connecting Q and R perpendicularly to the x-axis, mark these crossings on the x-axis S & T, respectively.
Note QPS and PRT form triangles with:
PQ = root(2) QS (QS is the y-value of Q in the plane)
PR = root(2) RT. (RT is the y-value of R in the plane)
Also, noting ^BOR is the same angle as the angle btwn OQ and the y-axis, we can express QS and RT in terms of the said angle, say θ
Then QS=r cosθ and RT = r sinθ
Therefore, 2*PQ<sup>2</sup> + 2*PR<sup>2</sup>
= 2*( 2*QS<sup>2</sup> + 2*RT<sup>2</sup>)
= 4* ( r<sup>2</sup> (cos<sup>2</sup>θ + sin<sup>2</sup>θ ))
= (2r)<sup>2</sup>
= d<sup>2</sup> = AB<sup>2</sup>. QED