pe notes core one re. syllabus (1 Viewer)

[eza03]

PDHPE Stage 6 HSC Course
HSC CORE ONE- HEALTH PRIORITIES IN AUSTRALIA
HOW ARE PRIORITY AREAS FOR AUSTRALIA’S HEALTH IDENTIFIED?
Measuring Health Status
Role of Epidemiology
– The study of causes and distribution of health and illnesses in populations
– A major measure of health status
– Provides us with information on distribution of disease, illness and injury and on likely causes within groups or populations.
– Measures include mortality, infant mortality, morbidity and life expectancy.
– People who use epidemiology include manufacturers of health products, providers of health services and policy developers at all levels of government.
– Helps with monitoring the major causes of sickness and death to identify any emerging issues and inequities between groups and
– Determining priority areas for the allocation for government funding.
– Cannot tell us everything about health status as it doesn’t take socioeconomic status into account.
– Statistics don’t always present the full story as they aren’t always correct and haven’t always been recorded properly.
· Mortality
– Death rates and the causes and distribution of these deaths over the population by age, gender, population group or geographical location.
– Can be used to compare health status across groups e.g. between males and females.
· Infant mortality
– the number of deaths in the first year of life
– considered the most important indicator of health status of a nation
– can predict adult life expectancy
– Can be divided into neonatal (deaths in first 28 days of life) and post neonatal (deaths in the remainder of the first year of life).
– Has decreased over the last decade.
· Morbidity
– Rates of illness and diseases and their distribution
– Reduce our quality of life, either temporary or permanently.
– Information about these incidence and prevalence of conditions gives us a boarder perspective on the nation’s health than that provided by mortality rates.
– Measures and indicators include hospital use, doctors visits and Medicare stats, health surveys and reports, disability and handicaps.
· Life Expectancy
– Measure of current mortality
– Defined as the average number of years of life a person of a particular age had remaining.
– We are living longer. Males 78 years and Females 83 years.
– Improvements in life expectancy since the 70’s have resulted in reduction in death rates in all ages.

The Health Status of Australians
– Current trends in Australian epidemiological data can provide a general picture of the health of Australians.
– Trends reflect the political, social and economical environment of the time and reveal inequities in health amongst population subgroups.

· Current Trends
– Life expectancy; in 2000, life expectancy at birth was 76 years for males and 82.1 years for females. It has increased in both men and women over the years. This doesn’t apply to all groups in Australia.
– Major causes of illness and death;injuries and poisoning are the most common causes of death for males and females ages 25-44.
– Cancer is the most common cause of death in females aged 45-64.
– Cardiovascular Disease is the main cause of death for people aged over 65. Death from CVD is decreasing and is attributed to declines in risk factors such as smoking and improved levels of physical activity.
– Suicide rates continue to be higher for males. The rate in 2000 was 19.4% per 100000 males and 5.2% for females.

· Groups Experiencing Health Inequities
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
– Reduced quality of life due to ill health and earlier death rates
– Greater levels of cardiovascular disease and diabetes
– Socioeconomic disadvantages affecting health, including higher unemployment, poorer education and housing outcomes
– Participate in risk factors such as smoking, drinking, increased exposure to violence and family breakdown.
– Geological remoteness for 20% of indigenous people leading to poor access.
– Kidney disease more prevalent with less likelihood of transplants.
Socio-economically Disadvantages People
– People in this group more likely to live below the poverty line and be long term unemployed.
– Have low levels of education and health educations
– Find it difficult to access health care
– Not own home or car
– Live chaotic lives due to substance abuse in some cases.

Australians Born Overseas
– Health status may be influenced by lack of English
– Unemployment
– Cultural differences if they are not able to access health care from doctors where language is not understood
– Depression about the country or family left behind
– Low wages, crime and exploitation
– Rascim
Rural and Isolated People
– Experience health inequalities due to geographic and social isolation
– Environmental factors such as droughts, floods and bushfires
– Occupational hazards in rural industries
– High rates of accidents and death in farming
– Poor access to health services
– High unemployment rates, declining infrastructure affecting economic resources, education, social support, living and working conditions.
People with Disabilities
– Disabilities place restrictions on the ability for people to function normally and to live their full potential.
– May be physical, sensory, intellectual, psychiatric or another mental health condition.
– Individuals need access to special health care and education and training programs to provide employment opportunities.
– Physical access is require to buildings via ramps ad reserved parking spots.
– Need freedom from the stereotyping that can make life difficult.
Men
– Experience gender specific cancers including prostate and testicular cancer
– Need to access health care more and to have a greater awareness of the need for cancer screening
– May suffer depression and anxiety at the prospect of retrenchment and periods of unemployment.
– Have higher death rates from suicide and road accidents when young.
Women
– Are vulnerable to breast cancer and cervical cancer
– Need to access health screening such as Pap smears and mammograms
– Are vulnerable to domestic violence
– May experience unwanted pregnancies
– Experience health difficulties associated with menstruation and menopause
– May suffer from iron deficiency
– Sometimes suffer from pre natal depression
Older People
– Will use more health services as they age
– Place a greater demand on health services
– Are more likely to suffer from CVD over age of 65
– Risk of dementia, arthritis, depression, cancers, injuries, diabetes.
– Require home care

· Indentifying Priority Areas
Social Justice Principals
Social justice is the notion of eliminating inequity in health, promoting inclusiveness of diversity and establishing supportive environments for all Australians. The four principals of Social Justice as they relate to health are-

1. Equity; Fair allocation of all resources and entitlements without discrimination
2. Access; availability of health services, information and education.
3. Participation; empowerment of individuals and communities to be involved in planning and decision making for good health.
4. Rights; equitable opportunities for all individuals to achieve good health.
Priority Population Groups
– Those experiencing inequalities.
– Identification of these subgroups in the population with equitable health status is important for determining health priority areas.
– This allows health authorities to determine the health disadvantages of groups within the population.
– To better understand the social determinants of health
– Identify the prevalence of disease and injury in specific groups.
– Determine the needs of groups in relation to the principals of social justice.

– Indigenous populations have much higher death rates from heart disease, injury, respiratory disease and diabetes.
– People from low socioeconomic groups have higher incidence of disease risk factors such as high blood pressure.
– People in rural areas have higher incidence of injury compared to metropolitan areas.
– Women are more likely to be treated for illness; biological factors such as childbirth can be attributed to mortality rates. Difference between men and women had decreased in the past decade.





· Prevalence of Disease
– The major causes of death and illness, as shown in statistics, point to a need to prioritise.
– Identification of risk factors can indicate the potential for change in a health area.
– High prevalence rates of disease indicate the health and economic burden that the condition or disease or condition places on the community.

· Costs to Individuals
– Disease can place a great economic and health burden on the individual e.g. financial loss, loss of productivity, diminished quality of life.
– Emotional stress and social upheaval
– Difficult to estimate the pain and suffering that one may experience.
– Physical; discomfort and pain
– Social; loss of social contact and increased dependency on others.
– Emotional; decreased resilience, seesawing of feelings
– Spiritual; potential questioning of reasons for life and faith.

· Cost to Community
– Illness, disease, and premature death place an economic burden on the community which can be useful for health authorities when they are determining health priorities and health interventions.
– Direct Costs; money on diagnosis, treatment and prevention and research.
– Indirect Costs; are the value of the output lost when people become too ill to work pr die prematurely.

· Potential for Change
– Majority if priority areas results from poor lifestyle choices.
– Individuals encouraged to make better choices
– Difficult to change due to socioeconomic status, access to information, health services, employment.
– Individual behaviours and environmental determinants must be addressed.

 

[eza03]

WHAT ARE THE PRIORITY AREAS FOR IMPROVING AUSTRALIA’S HEALTH?
Priority Areas for Action
– Were decided at the ‘Australian Health Ministers Conference, 1996.’
– Areas affect significantly the health or Australians and have the potential to be changed for the better.

Cardiovascular Disease
· Nature of the Problem
– All diseases involving the heart and blood vessels including coronary heart disease, heart attacks, Angina Pectoris, heart failure and stroke.
– A major economic and health problem in Australia.
– Atherosclerosis is the build up of fatty and or fibrous material on the interior walls of arteries.
– Atheroma is a thickened area if fatty & fibrous deposits on the inside surface of arteries, resulting in atherosclerosis.

· Trends
– The leading cause of death in Australia, 36% and increases with age (2004)
– Leading cause of death in both men and women
– Death rates declining due to prevention and improved medical management of the disease.
– Lifestyle factors that decrease risk include low fat & salt diet, increased physical activity

· Risk factors include smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, alcohol abuse, high blood pressure and cholesterol.
· Groups at risk include older people, indigenous people, socioeconomically disadvantages, rural and remote Australians.

Cancer
· Nature of the Problem
– Refers to a huge group of disease characterised by the uncontrollable growth and spread of abnormal cells.
– Cancers targeted for priority areas are lung, melanomas, colorectal, prostate, breast and cervical cancer.
– Causes are genetic, environmental, gender specific or a complex of cancer producing cancers.
– Benign Tumours are non cancerous and Malignant Tumours are cancerous and can spread.
– Metastases are secondary or new tumours, which may develop some distance from malignant tumours and are capable of spreading through the body.
– Carcinogens are cancer causing agents such as pollutants, radiation, cigarettes.
– Sarcoma cancer in bones, cartilage, muscles
– Lymphoma; infection which fights the organs.
– Leukaemia blood forming organs such as bones, the liver and spleen.
– Most life threatening for Men; prostate, colorectal, lung and melanomas.
– Women; breast, colorectal, lung, melanomas.

· Trends
– Accounts for 28% of deaths in Australia
– Current risk of diagnosis by age of 75 is 1 on for makes and 1 in 4 for females
– Death rates declining due to prevention and improved medical management of disease
– 30% of cancers can be contributed to smoking and 30% to diet
– Increasing in both sexes
– Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths

· Risk factors
– Smoking, alcohol and diet
– Environmental hazards such as asbestos, radiation, and industrial chemicals.
– Overexposure of the suns UV rays
– Hereditary factors

· Groups at risk
– Smokers
– Aged over 50 years
– People with obesity
– Fair skinned people
– People in blue collar occupations
Injury
· Nature of the Problem
– Road accidents, suicides, injuries from falls, machinery, drowning, poisoning, homicide, transport related, sport and recreation related.
· Trends
– Accounts for 6% of all deaths in 2004
– 47% of deaths for those ages 1-44 years.
– Main cause of premature deaths
– Predominantly affects males more than females
– Death rates from unintentional injuries declining but those from intentional injuries increasing.
– Suicide the leading cause of injury related deaths (26%)
· Risk Factors (Motor Vehicle Accidents)
– Carrying extra passengers
– Complacency
– Overload
– Lack of judgement
– Social norms such as alcohol and no seatbelts.
· Groups at Risk
– Young adult males rate higher for mortality from injury
– People in rural areas
– Children
– Indigenous Australians
Mental Health
· Nature of the Problem
– Impact the ability to function in society.
– Include anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse
– Schizophrenic disorders
– Eating disorders
– Dementia
– Self Harm and suicide
· Trends
– Statistics show that common mental disorders e.g. depression affects about 1 million Australians. Stigmatism is an added burden.
– National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing showed that 18% of adults experienced symptoms of a mental illness in the 12 months prior to the survey.
– 18-24 years had the highest prevalence of mental health disorders (27%) which could be related to high rates of substance abuse.
– 14% of child and adolescent had emotional and behavioural mental problems.
· Risk Factors and Social Determinants
– Post Traumatic stress disorders
– Unemployment
– Alcohol and drug use
– Various social factors
– Hereditary factors
· Groups at Risk
– Young adults aged 18-24
– Females are more likely to have symptoms of anxiety disorders
– Males are more likely to have substance abuse disorders
– Indigenous people have been affected by their history since colonisation
– Incidence increases as people age
Asthma
– Inflammatory disease of the air passages that makes them prone to narrowing too easily and too much, causing episodes of shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing.
– Australia has one of highest prevalence in the world
– Ranks among 10 most common reasons for seeing a GP
– 2.2 million people have asthma in Australia
– Declared a health priority area in 1999/
– Condition affects all age groups ad ranges in severity
– Risk factors include family history, smoking, exposure to domestic allergens and other ‘triggers’
Diabetes
– A disorder of the body’s levels of insulin and a long term condition which contributes to significant illness, disability, poor quality of life and premature death.
– Type I is insulin dependent and requires injections and a careful diet. Most common in young children and teenagers.
– Type II is non insulin dependent, and can occur from obesity. Increases in prevalence after age of 45.
– Death rates for males increasing but no trend for females
– Risk factors include overweight and high blood pressure (type II) & hereditary (type I).
– Indigenous people have one of highest rates of Type II in the world.
Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Conditions
– Is a group of conditions in which there is inflammation of the joints, causing pain, stiffness, disability and deformity
– Were announced as a new priority area in July 2002.
– Most common types of arthritis are osteo and rheumatoid.
– A major cause of disability, affecting about 2 million people
– Specific causes are unknown, there is a possible hereditary link in families
– Osteoarthritis develops between ages 45-90, with both sexes affected equally.
· Social Determinants of Health
– Low socioeconomic have higher risks and levels of illness, make less use of preventative and screening procedures and are more likely to exhibit more than one risk factor.
– Affect of cost of treatment, production and prevention, insurance
– Education; 23% of poorly educated men and 15% of women are likely to have severe chronic illness and are likely to perceive their health as fair.
– Unemployment (mental illness) are linked to low levels of health, abuse of drugs, homelessness, lack of choice about health.
– Ethnicity; diet is a major factor with migrants eating traditional, nutritious foods. Our culture has an influence, such as fast foods. Cervical cancer greater in people born in Asia and ATSI health poorer than Anglo-Saxons.
– Gender; women tend to have higher levels of health than men. Approx 50% of men are overweight compared to 33% of women and men are twice as likely to have heart disease or cancer.
– Age; Increase in prevalence of disease in advancing age, with our aging population requiring provisional groups with special needs and early diagnosis and prompt treatment.
– Location; those living in rural/remote areas have lower levels of health due to poor access, exposure to harsh climate and low socioeconomic status.

 

[eza03]

WHAT ROLE DOES HEALTH PROMOTION PLAY IN ACHEIEVING BETTER HEALTH FOR ALL AUSTRALIANS?
Approaches to Health Promotion
· What is health promotion?
– Providing educational and environmental supports for improving behaviours and living conditions that contribute to better levels of health.
– New public health era emerged in 1980s under WHO policies.
– Environmental supports as following improve to better levels of health;
§ Government Legislation; quarantine laws
§ Government Regulations; controls on levels of chlorine in public pools
§ Physical Supports; prevision of hospitals, nursing homes, surgeries
§ Economic Supports; health personnel e.g. nurses and doctors
§ Social Supports; allocation of $$ to support health facilities and welfare workers.
§ Educational Supports; health education in schools, quit smoking courses.

· Individual Lifestyle Approach
– Concentrates on health education to persuade individuals to modify behaviours that impact health although this approach has limitations
– It assumes that the provision of relevant information will encourage people to change their attitudes and behaviours.
– Takes a medical view, emphasising public illness rather than public health.
– Focuses on understanding the cause of illness.
– Emphasises the individual’s role in improving their own health status, assuming lifestyle change will equal health status changes.
– Historically, health promotion has adopted an individual approach based one one-on-one communication. Limitations Include;
§ Doesn’t account for social context in which individual lives, with little regard for social, economic and environmental factors which impact health.
§ Bases of belief that behaviour change is solely the responsibility of the individual.
§ Does not give individuals and communities a voice in the determination of health priorities.

· Change to a New Public Health Approach
– The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 1989 was an action to achieve ‘Health for All,’ by 2000.
– Charter provides basic philosophy, structures ad principals of NPHA including;
§ Disease prevention
§ Social justice
§ Empowering individuals
§ A holistic and positive view of health
– Responded to the new approaches to public health around the world which recognises that health is influenced by external factors other than physical, which are beyond individual power to control.
– Empowers individuals and communities to be actively involved in the decision making process, encouraging communities to decide priorities and directions for health.
– Recognises all social sectors and their contribution to the health of the population.
– New Public Health Approach considers the underlying social determinants and environmental factors, ensuring social, physical and economical environments promote health.
– Attempts to broaden our understanding of health. Goes beyond medical approach of achieving better health, trying to foster health within a broader social and economic context.







Characteristics of the New Public Health Approach
· Empowerment of Individuals
– To enable people to increase control over, and to improve health.
– People develop personal skills to recognise their own needs and to have a say in issues that impact their health.
– Need to be encouraged to participate in improving our levels of health, which can be achieved by;
§ Provided with accurate and relevant health information
§ Given the opportunity to be involved in decision making and own and community health
§ Encouraged to work with a wider range of health professionals, knowing that our opinions will be taken into account.
§ Given opportunity to develop personal skills
§ Provided with support

· The Role of Health Professionals
– Role is to work alongside people in a way that allows them to have control over their own health.
– Work with communities to set community health priorities.
– Role is fulfilled when;
§ Encourage individual behaviour change
§ Generate community support
§ Give up traditional authority base and accept the value of community knowledge in health promotion.

· Community Participation
– Health promotion is centred on people and their communities
– Strategies and programs for health promotion need to be adapted to local needs and to people working together for healthier environments.
– The development of a comprehensive knowledge of local people, their environments and needs.
– The use of this knowledge to identify and analyse local health issues, and to develop and implement health promoting activities.
– Commonwealth Government; responsible for planning and forming national health policies.
– State Government; each state has own department of health responsible for planning and delivering specific health promotion and prevention programs.
– Local Government; e.g. Ensuring local swimming pools are fenced.
– Business and Industry; responsibility to produce and promote sale of healthy products and services.
– Non Government Organisations; self help groups e.g. AA
– Intersectorial Action; active partnership between health sector and non health sectors such as housing, food production.


· Social Determinants of Health
– Aim of NPHA is to reduce inequities in health status by promoting the health of all people.
– Health authorises planning health promotion initiatives must account for the social, economic and environmental conditions in which people live.
– Social determinants that influence the ability of individuals to achieve good health include
§ Distribution of income, poverty and wealth
§ Gender influences
§ Education
§ Age
§ House
§ Social support
– Strategies need to include advocacy for changes to public policy, specifically social and economic policy.
– Government, public and private institutions, workplaces and the community have responsibility to account for factors which that are conductive to higher levels of health in the population.
– Unequal income distribution; gap between high and low income increasing. Poverty is a major contributing factor to inequities in health.
– Living Environments; health depends on affordable infrastructure. Aboriginal people living in rural areas are limited in access to these places.

Major Health Promotion Initiatives
– Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 1986
– Internationally accepted health promotion policy with heath goals specified by WHO.
– Goals include
§ Develop health public policy
§ Develop personal skills
§ Strengthen community action
§ Create supportive environments
§ Reorient health services
– Jakarta Declaration for Health Promotion 1997
– Result of WHO’s 4th International Conference on Health Promotion
– Affirmed Ottawa Charter action areas
– Recognised the increasing importance of health promotion as an essential element of health development.

Government Responses
· Looking Forward to Better Health 1986
– Established to inquire the health status of Australians and to recommend national health goals and programs in prevention and health promotion
– Actions recommended were
§ National commitment to major prevention activities concentrate to cardiovascular disease, cancer, injury, communicable diseases, mental health and nutrition.
§ Community involvement through state and territory governments
§ Health education in schools
§ Eliminating smoking form workplaces, public transport, restaurants and hospitals.

· Health for all Australians 1988
– Provided leadership and focus to those working in the health sector to promote health and prevent premature death
– Several states went on to develop state plans and locally relevant versions of the national goals and targets.
– Was a report resulting from an effort of all Australian health departments.
– Health goals to reduce preventable death and disability from the major causes identified in the previous report.
– Groups identified as at risk were targeted for health improvement initiatives.
– Report noted that those in low socio economic groups were at greater risk of ill health and earlier death
– Risk factors such as smoking, illicit drugs and high blood cholesterol were indentified.


· Better Health Outcomes for Australians 1994
– CVD, Cancer, Injury and Mental health chosen as priorities areas
– Highlighted a number of challenges facing the health system such as the complex interaction of government departments and agencies and industry groups involved in health care and activities which impact on health.
– Recommended that quality of life and an agreed measure of wellbeing be included in the assessment of health into health outcomes.

· Australia’s Health 1998
– 6th biennial report produced by Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
– Summarises information on health in Australia
– Identifies and reports on the five national health priority areas
– Provides factual and objective information to contribute to debate on health and health care

· Australia’s Health 2000
– A report on the health of Australians over the 20th century
– Information that asthma became the six priority area in 1999.
Community Initiatives
– A way of making a practical effort to achieve better health for all communities
– State health promotion initiatives; lists seven priority areas to promote the health of the people of NSW including
§ Improving health
§ Quality of health
§ Involving the community
– Initiatives include
§ ‘Live Life Well’
§ BreastScreen Australia
– Area/Regional health promotion in NSW; looks after public hospitals and health care facilities and provide to residents a range of services including health promotion and home care.

 

[eza03]

WHAT ROLE DO HEALTH CARE FACILITIES AND SERVICES PLAY IN ACHIEVEING BETTER HEALTH FOR ALL AUSTRALIANS?
Nature of Health Care in Australia
To provide public health services.
– Health care roles
§ Prevention
§ Promotion
§ Diagnosis
§ Treatment
§ Rehabilitation
§ Care

– Organisations
§ Community health services
§ Support groups
§ Charities
– Health providers
§ Doctors and nurses
§ Specialists
– Governments
§ Commonwealth, state, local
– Institutions
§ Hospitals, clinics, nursing homes

· The Role of Health Care
– To provide quality health facilities and services to meet the needs of all Australians.
– Organised, financed and delivered by both public and private sources.
– Emphasis placed on diagnosis and treatment of illness by the medical profession
– Health care in Australia mostly about clinical diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation.

· Range and Types of Health Facilities and Services
Institutional Services
– Public Hospitals; provide acute care for people with temporary or severe aliments who stay in for short periods
– Psychiatric Hospitals; treat and care primarily for patients with psychiatric, mental or behavioural disorders
– Private Hospitals; privately owned, that provide wither acute or psychiatric care
– Nursing homes; which provide long term care for chronically ill, frail, convalescent or senile disabled patients.
– Other; ambulance
Non Institutional Services
– Medical Services; provided by GP ad specialists
– Health related services;dental and optical
– Community and public health services
– Provision of aids and appliances,

· Access to Health Facilities and Services
– May be affected by shortages of qualified staff, lack of funding or equipment and waiting times/lists.
– Socioeconomic status
– Geographic isolation
– Cultural/religious beliefs
– Influenced by knowledge and understanding of health services and services available.
· Responsibility for Health Care
Commonwealth Government
– Concerned with formation of national health policies
– Control of health system and financing through collection of taxes
– Provides funding to state and territory governments
– Responsible for community services such as services for war vets.
State and Territory Governments
– Hospital services
– Mental health programs
– Dental health services
– Home and community care
– Rehab systems
Private Sector
– Provides private hospitals, dentists and alternative services.
– Privately owned and operated
Local Government
– Environmental control and range of personal, preventative and home care services.
– E.g. monitoring of hygiene standards in food outlets.
Community Groups
– Promote health e.g. Diabetes Australia.

Funding of Health Care in Australia
· Health Insurance
Public
– Medicare is a government funded health system paid through taxes and a Medicare levy on incomes, which entitles Australians to;
§ Free treatment as a public patient in a public hospital
§ Free or subsided treatment by a GP, medical specialist or optometrist
§ Subsided prescription medicines through the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.
Private
– Paid by people to various private systems.
– Have various levels of funding and entitlements
– Benefits include faster access to hospitals for elective surgery, ancillary benefits sic as rebates for optometry, physio and dental services.



· The costs of health care to consumers
– 1999-2000 the average expenditure on health service in Australia was $2817 per person
– People pay 1.5% of their taxable income as the Medicare levy, this those with a higher income pay more towards public health care than those earning lower income.
– Community suffers increased direct costs due to the ill health, such as lost of productivity, costs due to absenteeism, burden on families and carers and lost quality and quality of life.
– Increase in cost for consumers, especially in terms of private health insurance membership, life insurance and income protection insurance policies.
1. Cost Effectiveness; preventing illness and injury would result in savings in funds and resources
2. Improvement to quality of life; positive health outcomes for individuals that result from prevention include improvements in mortality and morbidity rate.
3. Containment of increasing costs; through prevention
4. Maintenance of social equity; policy of prevention helps to provide greater equity, which otherwise would be under threat as health costs continue to rise.
5. Use of existing structures; rather than relying on special services and technological procedures.
6. Reinforcement of individual responsibility for health; use of prevention strategies and extending life span has effect of increasing rates of illness and prolonging period of illness in later years of life.

· Health care expenditure versus health promotion expenditure
– Major percentage of health expenditure is presently allocated to medical interventions.
– Governments recognising that health promotion and disease prevention are increasingly important due to impact on public health.
– Arguments to place health promotion expenditure into a separate area of the health expenditure budget, so that curing and preventing illness are not in the same funds.
– NPHA focuses on prevention.
Alternative health care approaches
· Reasons for growth of alternative medicines and health care approaches,
– Alternative health care education courses for practitioners.
– Greater awareness of alternative health care among populations.
– Less dependence on medical doctors and drugs
– Consumer demand for choice in health care decision making.
– Greater psychological, spiritual and body awareness among populations due to proliferation of books, articles, ads and discussion in communities about the perceived benefits or advantages of alternative health care.
– A more open and accepting society than in the past.
– People may choose alternative health care because
§ Treat the whole person, not just illness
§ A cure is sought for chronic condition or a debilitating or painful disease.
§ Disillusionment or dislike for conventional treatment
· Range of services available
– Acupuncture
– Aromatherapy
– Shiatsu
– Homeopathy
– Massages

· How to make informed consumer choices
– Need education, information, range of options and confidence in your right to take responsibility of your own health.
– An understanding that it may not be easy to make decisions or solves problems impacting on your health.
– Read recent information
– Description of all available health treatment options
– List of both beneficial and adverse affects.

WHAT ACTIONS ARE NEEDED TO ADDRESS AUSTRALIA’S HEALTH PRIORTITES?
Ottawa Charter 1986
· CVD
– Developing Personal Skills Modify personal behaviours to e.g. quit smoking, control weight, become physically active.
– Reorientate Health Services towards prevention by promotion to develop personal skills such as those by the National Heart Foundation.
· Cancer
– Developing Personal Skills Assessing information from the media as to what signs to look for.
– Creating Supportive Environments via health promotions aimed at the general public e.g. slip slop slap and through NSW Cancer Council.
– Strengthening Community Action lobbying in sectors and by community groups resulted in smoke free places at work, clubs, and cafes. Unleaded petrol reduces pollution for city dwellers.
– Reorientating Health Services initiatives by medical practitioners to provide skin cancer clinics which bulk bill and don’t require referrals.
– Building Healthy Public Policy legislation such as No Hat No Play in schools, tax reductions on sunscreen and glasses for those working inside.







· Injury (Road & Traffic related)
– Developing Personal Skills to make decisions to avoid drink driving, avoid speeding, adapt to altered road conditions, and resist peer pressure.
– Creating Supportive Environments rehabilitation for injured people including sport participation.
– Strengthening Community Action by having schools and police educate young people about driving.
· Mental Health (Depression)
– Developing Personal Skills by support networks friends, family, social workers. Decision making, problem solving, education of how to identify depression.
– Creating Supportive Environments community counselling services with depression, education, prevention and support programs, for students e.g. Family First offering counselling to families.
– Strengthening Community Action depression prevention programs in area health services for people of all ages, telephone counselling such as Kids Help Line.
– Reorientating Health Services better access to services and information on depression, better trained doctors, removal of the stigma of depression as barrier to treatment.
– Building Healthy Public Policy in 1998 depression was identified as a health priority in the area of mental health an in 2000 a National Initiative funded by the Commonwealth to promote awareness via community education about depression as an illness, with better professional training, access to help for people experiencing depression, and research support.

 

[happii]

beast!!!!!
prob next time u could just attach it

u got sports med by anychace

 

[sammi075]

omgosh thankyou so so much!
i needed these heaps bad

 

[sarah94]

that was so much hellp thankyou! i hav PE test tomorrow and couldnt find anything on athsma or musckelosketlal.!

 

[ALRW-Terminator]

Hey, give an example of health promotion action that started at any government level and filtered down to the individual...

wat the frig do i use, google has nothing and i dont understand it quite to clearly

thanks in advance

 

[Breezy4]

hey eza03..

those notes look very helpfull. havent used them yet but prob will add them with my lot.. thanks in advance!!!

peace,
BrEe
xox

 

[risole91]

sweetnotes.

 

[missy333]

You Are A Champ For Those Notes!!!! Wow! Thankyou So So Sooo Much Babe!

 

[j.e]

thanku so much for these notes my exams on wednesday and i wouldv been screwed for core1 with out them.. legend

 

[Basha&Ikani]

Good notes! However, your information is very broad and general. For example, that section you have on public and private health funds, the syllabus asks you to compare them. As you have just stated what they are, how they function etc.

 

[shibbydude]

ohh
u just made my life soo much easier =]

 

[Amy Alexandra]

THANK YOU SOOOOO MUCH!!!!!! my christmas has come early... thank again... was struggling with pdhpe anyway.... cheers gorgeous

 

[ekdownie]

mate thats awesome that u have put in so much effort!
have these helped heaps.
and cheers for sharing it.
hahaha.
ive only started the year 12 course now, and we are doing this core and i absolutly hate it so mucH!
i study it atleast half an hour everynight.
just a really healpful hint to everyone:
with these notes, it is mostly all of the 'STUDENTS LEARN ABOUT' section from the syllabus.
you really must make sure you can do the 'STUDENTS LEARN TO' section becasue this is what we will be actually examined on.
please use this advice.

 

[Josh7391]

Thanks for this. Fantastic summaries.

 

[Henry Marshall]

Gun!

Thanks for those!

 

[Thangquangtu]

This is awesome.

Thanks for your time and effort.

 

[novelle]

thanks sooo much babbeee
adding these too my notes now

heaps of help